Shield, Andrew DJ. Immigrants in the Sexual Revolution: Perceptions, Participation, and Belonging, The Netherlands and Denmark, 1960s-80s. (2016) [PDF]

Shield, Andrew DJ. Immigrants in the Sexual Revolution: Perceptions, Participation, and Belonging, The Netherlands and Denmark, 1960s-80s. PhD Dissertation. City University of New York, 2016.

This is an historical study of first-generation immigrants in Denmark and the Netherlands in the 1960s-80s and their perceptions of the ‘Sexual Revolution.’ Foreign workers and post-colonial immigrants arrived during the same decades when laws regarding women’s equality, contraception and abortion, homosexuality, pornography, adultery and divorce were challenged and reformed, in many cases in the context of intensive social movement activism. This research explores immigrants’ perceptions of the dramatic changes in sexual and gender relations transforming Europe in the 1960s-80s, and the instances of immigrant solidarity with, and participation in, networks for social justice, women’s equality, and sexual liberation. Part I of this dissertation focuses on foreign workers’ early impressions of gender equality and sexual liberality from 1965-1974. Part II centers on immigrant activism from 1975-1985; during this time, left-wing immigrant groups in the Netherlands gained strategic and rhetorical inspiration not only from anti-fascism, but also from the women’s movement. Immigrant women ’both actively, and just by being present’ challenged European feminists to consider seriously the roles of ethnicity, race, and cultural difference in the women’s movement. Part III focuses on immigrants and ethnic minorities in gay and lesbian ‘scenes’ (e.g. bars, social circles) and formal organizations in the 1960s-80s. During these decades, contact advertisements in gay and lesbian journals facilitated new friendships, romances, housing connections, employment, and travel opportunities across both internal and external borders (e.g. inter-ethnic and international correspondence). Interviewees recount their experiences ‘coming out,’ moving to cities, and being ‘one of the first’ people of color in various gay and lesbian networks in these decades. By bringing together two seemingly disparate research fields’ immigration history and sexuality history’ this research complicates current political and journalistic discussions of the supposed binary between an Enlightened Europe, always tolerant of women’s independence and gay rights, and its international immigrants, ‘unable’ to change their views on gender and sexuality.

https://forskning.ruc.dk/en/publications/immigrants-in-the-sexual-revolution-perceptions-participation-and. https://forskning.ruc.dk/en/publications/immigrants-in-the-sexual-revolution-perceptions-participation-and.

PDF: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1216/

Stawski, Scott. Denmark’s Veiled Role in Slavery in the Americas: The Impact of the Danish West Indies on the Transatlantic Slave Trade. (2020) [PDF]

Stawski, Scott. Denmark’s Veiled Role in Slavery in the Americas: The Impact of the Danish West Indies on the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Sept. 2020.

he legacy of Danish participation in the transatlantic slave trade is presented as that of a minor player in the practice who had an oversized positive influence on abolishing the slave trade. The current historiography estimates that Danish participation was less than 1% of the 12 million enslaved Africans transported to the Americas from 1501 to 1880. Through various grants of rights and privileges, Danish slaves were provided a better quality of life than their counterparts. In 1792, Denmark became the first colonial power to abolish their participation by announcing an end to the practice in 1803 and setting a standard for all colonial powers to follow. The results of the research and reported in this thesis shows this historiography to be inaccurate as to historical quantification and misleading as to historical legacy. New data is available on the scale of Danish participation. By applying a more informed paradigm to the empirical data, Danish participation in the transatlantic slave trade is six times the scale of what has been historically reported making Denmark the fifth largest slave-trading nation within the Americas. This new historical quantification coupled with an analysis of the underlying rationale for Denmark’s abolition of their participation in the slave trade suggests a different historical legacy for Denmark than what is currently promulgated.

PDF: https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/37365426.

Tydén, Mattias. ‘The Scandinavian States: Reformed Eugenics Applied’. (2012)

Tydén, Mattias. ‘The Scandinavian States: Reformed Eugenics Applied’. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics, Eds. Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, 2012.

This article deals with Scandinavian eugenics and issues of morality and history, guilt and rehabilitation and it also challenges the conventional conception of Scandinavian contem­porary history. It discusses a number of studies that show links between eugenics and progressive social thought and also throws light on the political implications of this issue. The three Scandinavian countries—Denmark, Norway, and Sweden—share experiences that were important for the development of eugenic ideas and policies. This article men­tions that the development of Mendelism and a growing understanding of the complexity of heredity marks different views about the potential of racial hygiene and for tensions within the community of eugenicists. Finally, it presents a discussion on Scandinavian eu­genics that focuses on the way sterilization was used in the framework of the Social De­mocratic welfare states from the 1930s onward.

doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0022.

PDF: http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195373141-e-22.

Drouard, Alain. ‘Concerning Eugenics in Scandinavia: An Evaluation of Recent Research and Publications (1999) [PDF]

Drouard, Alain. ‘Concerning Eugenics in Scandinavia: An Evaluation of Recent Research and Publications (Population, 3, 1998)’. Population, vol. 11, no. 1, Persée – Portail des revues scientifiques en SHS, 1999, pp. 261–270. www.persee.fr,

https://www.persee.fr/doc/pop_0032-4663_1999_hos_11_1_6989.

PDF: https://www.persee.fr/doc/pop_0032-4663_1999_hos_11_1_6989.

Hansen, Bent Sigurd. ‘Something Rotten in the State of Denmark : Eugenics and the Ascent of the Welfare State’. (1996) [PDF]

Hansen, Bent Sigurd. ‘Something Rotten in the State of Denmark : Eugenics and the Ascent of the Welfare State’. Eugenics and the Welfare State: Sterilization Policy InDenmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Eds. Gunnar Broberg and Nils Roll-Hansen, Michigan State University Press, 1996.

https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10224/3617

PDF: https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10224/3617. https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10224/3617.

Andersen, Heine. ‘Racehygiejne Og Tvangssterilisation i Danmark.’ (2015) [PDF]

Andersen, Heine. ‘Racehygiejne Og Tvangssterilisation i Danmark.’ Dansk Sociologi, vol. 26, no. 1, Oct. 2015, pp. 54–75,

Review essay: Lene Koch: Racehygiejne i Danmark 1920-56 og Lene Koch: Tvangssterilisation i Danmark 1929-67 samt en række dertil knyttede tekster.

https://rauli.cbs.dk/index.php/dansksociologi/article/view/4992

PDF: http://rauli.cbs.dk/index.php/dansksociologi/article/download/4992/5423

Koch, Lene. Racehygiejne i Danmark 1920-56. (1996)

Koch, Lene. Racehygiejne i Danmark 1920-56. 2. oplag, Kbh.: Gyldendal, 1996. Opsigtsvækkende kortlægning af den danske racehygiejnes historie i årene 1920-56. Og samtidig et – i disse år med diskussionen om genmanipulation – meget relevant debatskabende værk om rammerne for videnskabelighed og for kontakten mellem det praktiske videnskabelige arbejde og den politiske virkelighed, der er med til at fastsætte målene for forskningen.

https://bibliotek.dk/linkme.php?rec.id=870970-basis%3A21214043

Olwig, Kenneth R. ‘Natives and Aliens in the National Landscape’. (2003)

Olwig, Kenneth R. ‘Natives and Aliens in the National Landscape’. Landscape Research, vol. 28, no. 1, Routledge, Jan. 2003, pp. 61–74. Taylor and Francis+NEJM,

Discourses concerning the threat of alien species to national landscapes have a curious tendency to bleed into discourses concerning the threat of alien races and cultures to the native people and culture of these same nations. An explanation for these parallels, it is argued, lies in a common point of departure in a particular post-Renaissance concept of landscape, space and nature, which ultimately derives from what is here termed ‘the cartographic-pictographic episteme’. The epistemic history of these ideas is traced in a series of steps, beginning with a concrete case from Denmark and going on to show how this case relates to larger European discourses dating back to the Renaissance.

doi:10.1080/01426390306525.

Jensen, Tina Gudrun, Garbi Schmidt, Kathrine Vitus, and Kristina Weibel. The Historicity of (Anti-)Racism and the Politics of Integration in Denmark. (2010) [PDF]

Jensen, Tina Gudrun, Garbi Schmidt, Kathrine Vitus, and Kristina Weibel. The Historicity of (Anti-)Racism and the Politics of Integration in Denmark. Danish National Centre for Social Research, July 2010, p. 24.

The aim of this paper is to describe the various aspects of the history of (anti-)racism and  the  politics  of  integrationin  Denmark.  The  paper  consists  of  two  parts.  The  first part  discusses  the  international  literature on  concepts  of  (anti-)racism,  citizenship  and tolerance. The next part focuses on (anti-)racism and Tolerance in the Danish context. The paper thus deals with the historicity of (anti-)racism and the politics of integration in Denmark from four angles: A discussion of international literature on the concepts of (anti-) racism, citizenship and tolerance An outline of a Danish grammar of diversity. An  overview of  concepts  (vocabulary)  of  (anti-)racism  and  tolerance  in  Danish anti-discrimination politics, and a Danish grammar of diversity. A description of the historical roles of racism and tolerance in Denmark.

PDF: https://www.ces.uc.pt/projectos/tolerace/media/Working%20Paper%201/2%20SFI%20-%20The%20historicity%20of%20(anti-)racism%20and%20the%20politics%20of%20integration%20in%20Denmark.pdf.

Duedahl, Poul. ‘Fra Race Til Etnicitet. UNESCO Og Den Mentale Ingeniørkunst i Danmark 1945-65’. (2015) [PDF]

Duedahl, Poul. ‘Fra Race Til Etnicitet. UNESCO Og Den Mentale Ingeniørkunst i Danmark 1945-65’. Tidsskrift for Historie, vol. 5, no. 10, 2015, pp. 34–59.

In wake of World War II and the Holocaust came the establishment of UNESCO as a specialized agency for education, science and culture under the auspices of the UN. For the next 20 years the Organization was the core of a dispute in international scientific circles over the correct definition of the concept of race. This was essentially a dispute about whether the natural sciences or the social sciences should take precedence in determining the origin, division and value of man. This article reveals the measures made by UNESCO to combat biological determinism and analyses – as a case study – their impact in Denmark from 1945 to 1965, when the UN adopted The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. A major task for UNESCO was to issue a statement by experts containing a universal definition of race that would highlight equality and promote the culturally rooted concept of ethnicity. The organization expected that such a statement would eliminate racial prejudice and bring people together. But the impact of these efforts was slightly different, or at least slower than expected. In scientific circles, the initiatives faced some resistance but also some degree of good will, and Danish anthropologists, abandoned mental traits as criteria for racial classification and slowly engaged in human genetics, which emphasized universal problems. The fact that staff members at the Ministry of Education in the mid-1950s were deeply involved in UNESCO’s work was crucial, but it was not before 1954, that experimental education was initiated in order to promote international understanding, and that the official bias of views of Denmark as only an exporter of culture was abandoned. In 1960 the promotion of international understanding became an official Danish education policy, and with the economic support from UNESCO, textbooks and teaching methods were improved. That played a major part in imposing a new view of man and a consensus of what was perceived to be morally, scientifically and politically correct, namely that humans were to a greater extent cultural beings than they are products of nature.

https://tidsskrift.dk/temp/article/view/22094

PDF: https://tidsskrift.dk/temp/article/download/22094/19481.

Hastrup, Kirsten. Menneskesyn: kultur, race og Knud Rasmussen. (2000) [PDF]

Hastrup, Kirsten. Menneskesyn: kultur, race og Knud Rasmussen. Aarhus Universitet, 2000,

I antropologien har forholdet mellem natur og kultur været et centralt problem siden Arildstid; Arilds tid er i denne sammenhæng nærmest sammenfaldende med Oplysningstiden og det store encyklopædiske projekt, som også omfattede levevis og vaner over den hele klode. Spørgsmålet har til enhver tid været, hvad der betingede de store variationer i menneskers liv; om de kunne tilskrives lokale naturforhold, racemæssige eller arvebiologiske forhold, eller om de var resultater af tilfældig kreativ tænkning hos mennesker, der i øvrigt var naturligt ens. I det følgende skal jeg illustrere kompleksiteten i dette store spørgsmål med udgangspunkt i Knud Rasmussens syn på de mennesker, han mødte i de polare egne, og som dengang kaldtes eskimoer.

PDF: http://www.hum.au.dk/ckulturf/pages/publications/kh/mkr.pdf. http://www.hum.au.dk/ckulturf/pages/publications/kh/mkr.pdf.

Minken, Anne. Tatere i Norden før 1850: sosio-økonomiske og etniske fortolkningsmodeller. (2009) [PDF]

Minken, Anne. Tatere i Norden før 1850: sosio-økonomiske og etniske fortolkningsmodeller. Tromsø: Dissertation. Universitetet i Tromsø, Institutt for historie og religionsvitenskap, 2009.

Avhandlingen består av en historiografisk og en realhistorisk del. Den historiografiske delen inneholder en analyse av de ulike fortolkningene av tatere og sigøynere i Vest-Europa fra 1400-tallet og opp til vår tid. Sentralt i denne delen er en kritisk gjennomgang av den sosio-økonomiske fortolkningsmodellen som har forstått taterne som en innenlandsk gruppe som har fått sitt særpreg gjennom en tilværelse i samfunnets ytterkanter. Gruppedannelsen blir forklart som et resultat av sosiale utstøtingsmekanismer, særlig knyttet til former for yrkesutøvelse som var sosialt stigmatiserende og til kriminalitet. I Norden har den sosio-økonomiske fortolkningsmodellen støttet seg på de genealogiske undersøkelsene til H.P. Hansen (Danmark), Kaspar Flekstad (Norge) og Adam Heymowski (Sverige). Mange seinere forskere har unnlatt å gå empirien og argumentasjonen til disse forskerne nærmere etter i sømmene. En del av argumentasjonen virker i dag nærmest kuriøs. Det dreier seg blant annet om den sterke vektleggingen av nordiske navneformer som et bevis på nordisk opprinnelse og om en form for sigøynerstereotypier som ser bort fra kulturelle endringsprosesser. Avhandlingens konklusjon er at de rent sosio-økonomiske fortolkningene ikke er tilstrekkelige til å forklare tatergruppas særpreg. Nyere genealogiske undersøkelser viser at taterne er en gruppe med en klar historisk kontinuitet. Det er ikke dekning for å hevde at taterbetegnelsen har skiftet betydning eller at den utelukkende har blitt brukt som en stigmatiserende merkelapp for omstreifere generelt. Avhandlingens del II er en analyse av gruppebetegnelser, økonomisk tilpasning og gruppeidentitet basert på kildestudier. En gjennomgang av nordiske rettssaker fra 1600-tallet og begynnelsen av 1700-tallet viser at myndighetene forsto taterne som en særgruppe basert på avstamningskriterier og oppfatninger om utenlandsk opprinnelse. Gjennom disse rettssakene får vi også et innblikk i taternes egenforståelse. Taternes gruppeidentitet var knyttet til oppfatninger om felles avstamning. I forhør identifiserte de seg selv som tatere eller ”zigenare” og vektla at de var ”født af tattersche folk” eller ”af zigenisk extraction”. 

Part I of the thesis is a historiographical analysis. Part II is based on historical primary sources and is an analysis of group names (endonyms and ethnonyms) economic adaption and group identity. The historiographical part is an analysis of different interpretations – ethnic and socio-economic – of Nordic taters and West-European gypsies from the fifteenth century and up to the present. Central in this part is a critical examination of the socio-economic interpretation which describes the Nordic taters as marginalised groups excluded from the majority population. This model focuses on social exclusion, especially linked to stigmatised occupations and criminality. The socio-economic model is based on genealogical surveys made by H.P. Hansen (Denmark), Kaspar Flekstad (Norway) and Adam Heymowski (Sweden). Later studies on Nordic taters have used the conclusions of these researchers uncritically. My own conclusion is that the socio-economic explanation alone cannot explain the tater culture. Updated genealogical surveys have falsified the so-called discontinuity hypothesis. The tater group shows a distinct historical continuity. The term ”tater” is used as an ethnonym and not only as a stigmatising label for all sorts of vagrants. Both the representatives of the majority society and the taters themselves understand descent as the focal point for the group identity of the taters.

PDF: https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/3399/thesis.pdf?sequence=1.

Yael Enoch. ‘The Intolerance of a Tolerant People: Ethnic Relations in Denmark’. (1994) [PDF]

Yael Enoch. ‘The Intolerance of a Tolerant People: Ethnic Relations in Denmark’. Ethnic & Racial Studies, vol. 17, no. 2, Apr. 1994, p. 282.

The Danes have traditionally seen themselves as an enlightened and tolerant people, regarding with contempt those who, like many white Americans or South Africans, hold negative attitudes towards ethnic or racial minorities. This positive self-image was confirmed during World War II when in an impressive rescue operation almost all Danish Jews (the only sizeable minority group in Denmark at the time) were helped to safety in neutral Sweden. During the 1960’s and 1970’s Danish society – until then one of the most homogeneous societies in Europe – became increasingly more heterogeneous through the influx of economic migrants – ‘foreign workers’ – mainly from Turkey, Pakistan and Yugoslavia. For the first time the Danes have had to deal with ethnic minorities whose culture, language, religion and physical appearance differ significantly from the majority’s. On the basis of a comprehensive attitude survey, it appears that the Danes today are less tolerant towards ‘foreign workers’ than might have been expected on the basis of their past record. This article considers whether this intolerance can be explained in terms of (1) the structure of present-day Danish society; (2) the general characteristics of the respondents (age, gender, etc.), or (3) the social and cultural characteristics of the new minorities. It is suggested that ethnic prejudice exists latently even in apparently tolerant societies and tends to surface when a ‘suitable’ target group becomes available.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.1994.9993825

PDF: http://www1.geo.ntnu.edu.tw/~moise/Data/Books/Reach%20of%20culture/cultural%20racism.pdf

Yılmaz, Ferruh. ‘Ethnicized Ontologies : From Foreign Worker to Muslim Immigrant : How Danish Public Discourse Moved to the Right through the Question of Immigration’. (2006) [PDF]

Yilmaz, Ferruh. Ethnicized Ontologies : From Foreign Worker to Muslim Immigrant : How Danish Public Discourse Moved to the Right through the Question of Immigration. Dissertation. UC San Diego, 2006

My thesis, in one sentence, is that the entire political discourse in Denmark (and in many parts of Europe) has moved to the right through the debate on immigration in the last two decades. The left/right distinction is pushed to the background and a cultural one – the ‘Danish people’ /the Muslim immigrant – has come to the forefront as the main dividing line. This means that the redistribution of resources is discussed as a matter of ethnicity and culture rather than other types of social identifications (e.g. class or gender). In short, a new basis for identification has become hegemonic through the articulation of a new internal division based on culture. The hegemonic change was the result of the nationalist/ racist Right’s populist intervention in the mid 1980s. Large sections of society did not feel that their concerns and demands were represented by the political system. In an environment of such profound displacement, it was relatively easy for the populist right to point to immigration as the main threat to society (associated with the welfare system) and to articulate an antagonism between the people (silent majority) and the political and cultural elite that let immigration happen. The new hegemony is based on a culturalized ontology of the social. The (re)production of immigrants as a threatening force is maintained through a constant focus on cultural issues that are considered as anti-society. In many parts of Europe, cycles of moral panics are created around issues such as honor killings, gang rapes, animal slaughter, violence, female genital mutilation, forced marriages and headscarves. These issues produce repeatedly an unbridgeable divide between Muslim (immigrant) and Danish culture. The orientation towards these issues disperses various social and political actors along the antagonistic divide, often creating insolvable tensions and fractions within social movements. Reproducing a left/ right opposition – regardless of its particular content – is what is at stake. The answer to the populist vision of society is the construction of a new type of hegemony: the strategy or ideal for a future world should be the re- ontologization of the social.

PDF: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fd0g7h7.

Yılmaz, Ferruh. ‘Right-Wing Hegemony and Immigration: How the Populist Far-Right Achieved Hegemony through the Immigration Debate in Europe’. (2012)

Yilmaz, Ferruh. ‘Right-Wing Hegemony and Immigration: How the Populist Far-Right Achieved Hegemony through the Immigration Debate in Europe’. Current Sociology, vol. 60, no. 3, May 2012, pp. 368–381.

It is becoming increasingly clear that the debate on Islam and Muslim immigrants has moved into the center of European political discourse. The increasing volume of publications about the role of Islam in social, cultural and political spheres indicates that Islam is now a major political issue, often associated with the debate on terrorism and security. This article argues that the shift in focus should be understood as the result of a hegemonic shift that goes back to the mid-1980s when the populist farright intervened in the immigration debate in Europe. The far-right not only presented immigration as a cultural threat to the future of European nations but also succeeded in moving immigration to the center of political discourse. This was done through successive right-wing political interventions that helped establish Muslim immigrants as an incompatible ontological category predicated on culture, and kept the national focus on immigration as an imminent threat to ‘our common’ achievements.

doi:10.1177/0011392111426192.

Gøbel, Erik. The Danish Slave Trade and Its Abolition. (2016)

Gøbel, Erik. The Danish Slave Trade and Its Abolition. Brill: 2016.

‘In The Danish Slave Trade and Its Abolition, Erik Gøbel offers an account of the well-documented Danish transatlantic slave trade. Denmark was the seventh-largest slave-trading nation with forts and factories on the Gold Coast and a colony in the Virgin Islands. The comprehensive Danish archival material provides the basis for Gøbel’s descriptions of the volume and composition of the slave trade and trade cargoes, as well as the shipping and conditions on board along the Middle Passage. Attention is also paid to the 1791 Danish Slave Trade Commission report and the final decision to abolish the slave trade altogether’–Provided by publisher.

https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004330566.

Danbolt, Mathias. ‘Retro Racism: Colonial Ignorance and Racialized Affective Consumption in Danish Public Culture’. (2017) [PDF]

Danbolt, Mathias. ‘Retro Racism: Colonial Ignorance and Racialized Affective Consumption in Danish Public Culture’. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, vol. 7, no. 2, June 2017, pp. 105–113.

Racial representations on commodities in Danish supermarkets have been the subject of heated public debates about race and racism in recent years. Through an analysis of a 2014 media debate about the so-called ‘racist liquorice’, the article suggests that the fight for the right to consume racialized products sheds light on how ‘epistemologies of ignorance’ of race and colonialism operate in Denmark. Focusing on how questions of history, memory and nationhood feature in the media texts, the article introduces the concepts of retro racism and racialized affective consumption to capture the affective and historical dynamics at play in debates on racism in Denmark. While the former term points to how racism becomes positioned as something always already retrograde in a Danish context, the latter relates to how a rhetoric of pleasure and enjoyment gets mobilized in the sustaining of a whitewashed image of Danish national community.

doi:10.1515/njmr-2017-0013.

PDF: http://archive.sciendo.com/NJMR/njmr.2017.7.issue-2/njmr-2017-0013/njmr-2017-0013.pdf.

Broberg, Gunnar, and Nils Roll-Hansen, editors. Eugenics and the Welfare State: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. (2005)

Broberg, Gunnar, and Nils Roll-Hansen, editors. Eugenics and the Welfare State: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2005. sci-hub.se,

In 1997 Eugenics and the Welfare State caused an uproar with international repercussions. This edition contains a new introduction by Broberg and Roll-Hansen, addressing events that occurred following the original publication. The four essays in this book stand as a chilling indictment of mass sterilization practices, not only in Scandinavia but in other European countries and the United States–eugenics practices that remained largely hidden from the public view until recently. Eugenics and the Welfare State also provides an in-depth, critical examination of the history, politics, science, and economics that led to mass sterilization programs in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland; programs put in place for the “betterment of society” and based largely on the “junk science” of eugenics that was popular before the rise of Nazism in Germany. When the results of Broberg’s and Roll-Hansen’s book were widely publicized in August 1997, the London Observer reported, “Yesterday Margot Wallstrom, the Swedish Minister for Social Policy, issued a belated reaction to the revelations. She said: ‘What went on is barbaric and a national disgrace.’ She pledged to create a law ensuring that involuntary sterilisation would never again be used in Sweden, and promised compensation to victims.” Ultimately, the Swedish government not only apologized to the many thousands who had been sterilized without their knowledge or against their will, but also put in place a program for the payment of reparations to these unfortunate victims.

https://muse.jhu.edu/book/40871

Blaagaard, Bolette, and Rikke Andreassen. ‘Disappearing Act: The Forgotten History of Colonialism, Eugenics and Gendered Othering in Denmark’. (2012) [PDF]

Blaagaard, Bolette, and Rikke Andreassen. ‘Disappearing Act: The Forgotten History of Colonialism, Eugenics and Gendered Othering in Denmark’. Teaching  ‘Race’  with  a Gendered Edge, Eds. Brigitte Hipfl and Kristín Loftsdóttir, 2012, 81–95,

PDF: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293166235_Teaching_race_with_a_gendered_edge_Teaching_with_gender_European_women%27s_studies_in_international_and_interdisciplinary_classrooms.

Bjørnsson, Iben. ‘”Vi har ikke behov for forsoning …” – Det danske selvbillede i relation til Grønland 1953-2015’. (2016) [PDF]

Bjørnsson, Iben. ‘”Vi har ikke behov for forsoning …” – Det danske selvbillede i relation til Grønland 1953-2015’. Temp – tidsskrift for historie, vol. 7, no. 13, 13, 2016, pp. 117–151. tidsskrift.dk, .

In 1953 Greenland, with the new Danish constitution, became an assimilated part of the Danish kingdom. With that, colonial times were over, and Greenland and Denmark had to adjust to each other in a new relation – but realities showed that perhaps Greenland were not always as equal. In Denmark, there has been different views and narratives on the Danish-Greenlandic relation, not least Denmark’s role: good, bad, and everything in between.This article investigates the official Danish view of itself in the colonial andpost-colonial relation. Through statements from ministers for Greenland from1953 through to the present, common themes as well as diversions are identified.

PDF: https://tidsskrift.dk/temp/article/view/24985. https://tidsskrift.dk/temp/article/view/24985

Arnfred, Signe, and Kirsten Bransholm Pedersen. ‘From Female Shamans to Danish Housewives: Colonial Constructions of Gender in Greenland, 1721 to ca. 1970’ (2015)

Arnfred, Signe, and Kirsten Bransholm Pedersen. ‘From Female Shamans to Danish Housewives: Colonial Constructions of Gender in Greenland, 1721 to ca. 1970’. NORA – Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, vol. 23, no. 4, Routledge, Oct. 2015, pp. 282–302.

Taking its inspiration from post-colonial feminist scholarship, particularly the writings of Greenland scholar Karla Jessen Williamson, this paper sets out to trace the ways in which conceptions of gender in Greenland changed as a consequence of the eighteenth-century colonial encounter with Christian missionaries and a Danish trade monopoly. According to Jessen Williamson, pre-colonial Greenlandic conceptions of gender were characterized by a certain social indifference to gender, and the absence of a given hierarchy of male dominance/female subordination—a situation of genderlessness. During the process of colonization, European morals of sexuality and hierarchies of gender were introduced, along with hierarchies of race. The paper focuses on two historical periods, the 1700s and the 1900s. We see the first period as characterized by intricate intersections of gender, race, and class, as well as transformations of existing norms of gender and sexuality. As for the second period, the paper investigates how the notion of genderlessness might provide a background for understanding the different implications of the process of modernization for different groups of women in Greenland. Our aim is to contribute to a continued discussion of different understandings of gender in Greenland and elsewhere.

doi:10.1080/08038740.2015.1094128.

Andreassen, Rikke, and Kathrine Vitus. Affectivity and Race: Studies from Nordic Contexts. (2016)

Andreassen, Rikke, and Kathrine Vitus. Affectivity and Race: Studies from Nordic Contexts. Routledge, 2016.

This book presents new empirical studies of social difference in the Nordic welfare states, in order to advance novel theoretical perspectives on the everyday practices and macro-politics of race and gender in multi-ethnic societies. With attention to the specific political and cultural landscapes of the Nordic countries, Affectivity and Race draws on a variety of sources, including television programmes, news media, fictional literature, interviews, ethnographic observations, teaching curricula and policy documents, to explore the ways in which ideas about affectivity and emotion afford new insights into the experience of racial difference and the unfolding of political discourses on race in various social spheres. Organised around the themes of the politicisation of race through affect, the way that race produces affect and the affective experience of race, this interdisciplinary collection sheds light on the role of feelings in the formation of subjectivities, how race and whiteness are affectively circulated in public life and the ways in which emotions contribute to regimes of inclusion and exclusion. As such it will appeal to scholars across the social sciences, with interests in sociology, anthropology, media, literary and cultural studies, race and ethnicity, and Nordic studies.

Contents:

Introduction: affectivity as a lens to racial formations in the Nordic countries, Kathrine Vitus and Rikke Andreassen.

Part I How is Race Politicised through Affects?:

Politics of irony as the emerging sensibility of the anti-immigrant debate, Kaarina Nikunen;

If it had been a muslim: affectivity and race in Danish journalists’ reflections on making news on terror, Asta Smedegaard Nielsen;

The racial grammar of Swedish higher education and research policy: the limits and conditions of researching race in a colour-blind context, Tobias Hübinette and Paula Mählck.

Part II How Does Race Produce Affects?

‘And then we do it in Norway’: learning leadership through affective contact zones, Kirsten Hvenegård-Lassen and Dorthe Staunæs;

Nordic colour-blindness and Nella Larsen, Rikke Andreassen; Disturbance and celebration of Josephine Baker in Copenhagen 1928: emotional constructions of whiteness, Marlene Spanger.

Part III How is Race Affectively Experienced?

Feeling at loss: affect, whiteness and masculinity in the immediate aftermath of Norway’s terror, Stine H. Bang Svendsen;

The affectivity of racism: enjoyment and disgust in young people’s film, Kathrine Vitus; Two journeys into research on difference in a Nordic context: a collaborative auto-ethnography, Henry Mainsah and Lin Prøitz;

Doing ‘feelwork’: reflections on whiteness and methodological challenges in research on queer partner migration, Sara Ahlstedt.

https://www.routledge.com/Affectivity-and-Race-Studies-from-Nordic-Contexts/Andreassen-Vitus/p/book/9780367597870

Andreassen, Rikke, and Anne Folke Henningsen. Menneskeudstilling: fremvisninger af eksotiske mennesker i Zoologisk Have og Tivoli. (2011)

Andreassen, Rikke, and Anne Folke Henningsen. Menneskeudstilling: fremvisninger af eksotiske mennesker i Zoologisk Have og Tivoli. Tiderne Skifter, 2011.

Om de mange udstillinger, der var af mennesker som blev betragtet som vilde og uciviliserede i perioden fra 1870’erne til 1910’erne, og som giver et tidsbillede af et Danmark hvor raceforestillinger og racehierarkier spillede en afgørende rolle for opfattelsen af os og de andre.

https://bibliotek.dk/linkme.php?rec.id=870970-basis%3A29036896

Andreassen, Rikke. ‘Representations of Sexuality and Race at Danish Exhibitions of “Exotic” People at the Turn of the Twentieth Century’. (2012)

Andreassen, Rikke. ‘Representations of Sexuality and Race at Danish Exhibitions of “Exotic” People at the Turn of the Twentieth Century’. NORA – Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, vol. 20, no. 2, Routledge, June 2012, pp. 126–147.

Denmark hosted a number of exhibitions of “exotic” people between the 1880s and the 1910s, in which people of colour were exhibited as mass entertainment in amusement parks and zoological gardens. This article illustrates how the categories of race, gender, and sexuality were co-constructed in the representations of these exhibitions; it reveals how not only the women but also the men on display were sexualized and constructed as erotic figures. The exhibitions played a role in maintaining contemporary scientific racial hierarchies, but simultaneously they challenged those same hierarchies, as “illegitimate” romantic relationships were allegedly formed between the exhibited men of colour and the white female local audience.

https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2011.623680

Andreassen, Rikke. Human Exhibitions: Race, Gender and Sexuality in Ethnic Displays. (2016)

Andreassen, Rikke. Human Exhibitions: Race, Gender and Sexuality in Ethnic Displays. New edition edition, Farnham, Surrey, England ; Burlington, VT: Routledge, 2016.

From the 1870s to the second decade of the twentieth century, more than fifty exhibitions of so-called exotic people took place in Denmark. Here large numbers of people of Asian and African origin were exhibited for the entertainment and ’education’ of a mass audience. Several of these exhibitions took place in Copenhagen Zoo, where different ’villages’, constructed in the middle of the zoo, hosted men, women and children, who sometimes stayed for months, performing their ’daily lives’ for thousands of curious Danes.  This book draws on unique archival material newly discovered in Copenhagen, including photographs, documentary evidence and newspaper articles, to offer new insights and perspectives on the exhibitions both in Copenhagen and in other European cities. Employing post-colonial and feminist approaches to the material, the author sheds fresh light on the staging of exhibitions, the daily life of the exhibitees, the wider connections between shows across Europe and the thinking of the time on matters of race, science, gender and sexuality.  A window onto contemporary racial understandings, Human Exhibitions presents interviews with the descendants of displayed people, connecting the attitudes and science of the past with both our (continued) modern fascination with ’the exotic’, and contemporary language and popular culture.  As such, it will be of interest to scholars of sociology, anthropology and history working in the areas of gender and sexuality, race, whiteness and post-colonialism.

Uddrag: https://books.google.dk/books/about/Human_Exhibitions.html?id=lfYjCQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://www.routledge.com/Human-Exhibitions-Race-Gender-and-Sexuality-in-Ethnic-Displays/Andreassen/p/book/9780367599089